Mounting Debate in Natural Food Community:
Are Soybeans Good for You

Soya-bean crisis
Scientists versus the soya industry. Jane Phillimore addresses some of the
concerns raised by new research
http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4055716,00.html

Jane Phillimore
Observer (UK)

Sunday August 27, 2000

Twelve years ago, I visited an alternative health practitioner with some
non-specific health symptoms. I'd hardly sat down before he told me that my
diet needed radical attention - I had to cut out all dairy, wheat, alcohol
and caffeine, and substitute protein in the form of soya milk and tofu
instead. Nowadays this kind of advice is routine, but at the time, it seemed
glamorously radical: I had to trek to Clapham's one health-food shop to
stock up on soya milk because Sainsbury's certainly didn't have their own
brand (as they do now) and veggie/soya sausages were just a glint in Linda
McCartney's eye.

In the event, I lost a stack of weight and felt immensely rejuvenated. So
much so that, four months later, I started eating normally again. Just as
well, because it has now been found that soya - far from having the magical,
health-giving properties that the alternative medicine brigade endlessly
bangs on about - can actually be bad for you. Its reputation as an
anti-cancer, cholesterol-lowering, osteoporosis-fighting, low-fat all round
good egg of a product is based on bad science and superlative marketing by
the powerful soya industry.

Worldwide, the evidence is starting to stack up against soya. In this
country, MAFF is so worried about the possible health problems of
phytoestrogens in soya that they are funding a rolling programme of 19
separate research projects, due to end in 2002. Preliminary findings by
Professor John Ashby of AstraZeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory in
Macclesfield, for example, confirm that soya infant formula (currently the
sole food of 6,500 British babies) has an oestrogenic effect on rats.
According to public health minister Yvette Cooper, no new advice will be
given on soya until the independent COT (Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals
in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment) has reviewed the programme's
findings.

This could take several years. Meanwhile, if you've been seduced by the
message that soya is the healthy 21st-century superfood, read on...

Is soya bad for you?

It contains high quantities of various toxic chemicals, which cannot be
fully destroyed even by the long cooking process. These are: phytates, which
block the body's uptake of minerals; enzyme inhibitors, which hinder protein
digestion; and haemaggluttin, which causes red blood cells to clump together
and inhibits oxygen take-up and growth. Most controversially of all, soya
contains high levels of the phytoestrogens (also known as isoflavones)
genistein and daidzein, which mimic and sometimes block the hormone
oestrogen.

Surely, the Japanese eat huge quantities of soya, and as a result have low
rates of breast, uterus, colon and prostate cancers?

That's the big myth on which the idea of 'healthy' soya is built. In fact,
the Japanese don't eat that much soya: a 1998 study showed that a Japanese
man typically eats about 8g (2 tsp) a day, nothing like the 220g (8oz) that
a Westerner could put away by eating a big chunk of tofu and two glasses of
soya milk. Secondly, although Japanese people may have lower rates of
reproductive cancers, this is thought to be due to other dietary and
lifestyle factors: they eat less fatty meat, more fish and vegetables and
fewer tinned or processed foods than in a typical Western diet. Thirdly,
Asians have much higher rates of thyroid and digestive cancers, including
cancer of the stomach, pancreas, liver and oesophagus.

I'm vegetarian and eat loads of tofu and soya milk. Should I stop?

Soya has become vegetarians' meat and milk, the major source of protein in
their diet. But eating soya actually puts vegetarians at severe risk of
mineral deficiencies, including calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and
especially zinc. According to Dr Mike Fitzpatrick, a New Zealand biochemist
who runs a soya information website (see below), this is because soya
contains high levels of phytic acid, which blocks the absorption of
essential minerals in the digestive tract. To reduce the effects of a
high-phytate diet, you need to eat, as the Japanese do, lots of meat or fish
with tiny bits of soya.

I'm intolerant to cow's milk, so should I drink soya milk instead?

Soya has become the fashionable option for people 'intolerant' to dairy
products. It's little known that soya is the second most common allergen.
Only 1 per cent of the population is truly allergic to cows' milk and, of
those, two-thirds will also be intolerant to soya milk. In addition, soya
milk is high in aluminium. That's because the soya protein isolate it's made
from is acid-washed in aluminium tanks. No wonder it tastes bad.

Can soya affect your thyroid?

It's been known for years that phytoestrogens in soya depress thyroid
function. In Japan, 1991 research showed that 30g of soya a day results in a
huge increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone. This can cause goitre,
hypothyroidism, and auto-immune thyroid disease.

I'm pregnant. Should I avoid soya?

Probably, and especially if you're vegetarian. A new study of babies born to
vegetarian mothers showed that baby boys had a five-fold risk of
hypospadias, a birth defect of the penis. The researchers suggest this was
due to greater exposure to phytoestrogen rich-foods, especially soya.
Inappropriate hormone levels such as that caused by a high intake of soya
during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy can also cause damage to the foetus's
developing brain.

But surely I can feed my baby soya formula? It must be safe: it's available
in every supermarket and chemist.

Soya-fed babies are taking part in 'a large, uncontrolled and basically
unmonitored human infant experiment', said Daniel Sheehan, director of the
FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research, in 1998. A newborn baby's
sole food is the milk it drinks: a soya-fed baby receives the equivalent of
five birth control pills' worth of oestrogen every day, according to Mike
Fitzpatrick. These babies' isoflavone levels were found to be from 13,000 to
22,000 times higher than in non-soya fed infants.

As a result of this phytoestrogen overload, soya-fed babies have a two-fold
risk of developing thyroid abnormalities including goitre and auto-immune
thyroiditis. Boys risk retarded physical maturation, while girls risk early
puberty (1 per cent of girls now show signs of puberty, such as breast
development or pubic hair, before the age of three) and fertility.
Researchers have also suggested that diabetes, changes in the central
nervous system, extreme emotional behaviour, asthma, immune system problems,
pituitary insufficiency and IBS may be caused by high phytoestrogen intake
in early life. Last year, compounds in soya were also implicated in the
development of infantile leukaemia. Current government advice is that breast
is best and that soya formula should not be given to infants unless on the
advice of a health professional.

Can soya help with prostate cancer?

Ex-junk bond trader Michael Milken certainly thinks so. He consumes 40g of
soya protein every day with that hope in mind. The science is less
conclusive - a recent study on Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii showed
that men who had eaten two or more servings of tofu a week during mid-life
not only had 'accelerated brain ageing', and more than twice the incidence
of Alzheimer's and dementia, but also looked five years older than those men
who didn't.

My mother died of breast cancer and I've been advised by both mainstream and
complementary medical sources that increasing my soya intake may offer me
protection against the disease. Is this true?

The evidence is highly inconclusive. In The Breast Cancer Protection Diet ,
published last year, Dr Bob Arnot states that eating between 35g and 60g of
soya protein daily protects against breast cancer by raising intake of the
oestrogen-blocker genistein. But this ignores contrary evidence. In 1996,
research showed that women eating soya had an increased incidence of
epithelial hyperplasia, a condition that presages malignancy. In 1997,
genistein in the diet was also found to stimulate human breast cells to
enter the cell cycle. As a result, the researchers advised women not to eat
soya products to prevent breast cancer.

But surely soya prevents osteoporosis, the bone thinning that particularly
affects post-menopausal women?

No. In fact, soya blocks calcium and causes a deficiency of vitamin D, both
of which are needed for strong bones, say American nutritionists and soya
debunkers Sally Fallon and Mary G Enig.

Is there any kind of soya product I can safely eat?

Yes. Fermented soya products, such as soy sauce, tempeh and miso. The long
fermentation process counteracts the effects of natural toxins in soya.

Can I avoid soya?

It's hard. You can stop eating the obvious candidates such as soya milk and
tofu, but soya is also to be found in breakfast cereals, ice cream,
convenience food such as hamburgers, fish fingers and lasagne, and all
manner of baked goods from cakes and biscuits to tortillas and bread. If
that's your mission in life, read labels carefully, and eat organic
processed foods wherever possible.

Finally, the pro-soya lobby always says that, in the US, a quarter of the
population has been fed infant soya formula for 30 to 40 years, with no
adverse health problems. So why should I worry?

Scientists are only just beginning to research and understand the harmful
long-term effects that eating large quantities of soya can have on the human
body. As Fallon and Enig write: 'The industry has know for years that soya
contains many toxins. At first they told the public that the toxins were
removed by processing. Then they claimed that these substances were
beneficial.' Sounds like there's a big battle ahead.

. For further information, contact www.soyonlineservice.co.nz, a detailed
information resource on soya run by biochemist Dr Mike Fitzpatrick. Sally
Fallon and Mary G Enig's excellent article 'Tragedy and Hype: The Third Soy
Symposium' is on www.nexusmagazine.com. 'The Trouble With Tofu: Soya and the
Brain' by John D MacArthur is on www.brain.com